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1995-07-25
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991 lines
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
grefer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff
SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
ggggrrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr [ ----bbbbeeeennnnvvvvCCCCPPPPRRRRSSSS ] [ ----aaaa_n ] [ ----cccc_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ ----ffff_n ]
[ ----iiii_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ ----kkkk_f_i_e_l_d ] [ ----llll_m,_n ] [ ----pppp_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ]
[ ----ssss_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ ----tttt_n ] [ ----BBBB_f_i_e_l_d._m_a_c_r_o ]
[ _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... ]
DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
This file documents the GNU version of rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr, which is part
of the groff document formatting system. rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr copies the
contents of _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... to the standard output, except that
lines between ....[[[[ and ....]]]] are interpreted as citations, and
lines between ....RRRR1111 and ....RRRR2222 are interpreted as commands about
how citations are to be processed.
Each citation specifies a reference. The citation can
specify a reference that is contained in a bibliographic
database by giving a set of keywords that only that
reference contains. Alternatively it can specify a
reference by supplying a database record in the citation. A
combination of these alternatives is also possible.
For each citation, rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr can produce a mark in the text.
This mark consists of some label which can be separated from
the text and from other labels in various ways. For each
reference it also outputs ggggrrrrooooffffffff commands that can be used by
a macro package to produce a formatted reference for each
citation. The output of rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr must therefore be processed
using a suitable macro package. The ----mmmmssss and ----mmmmeeee macros are
both suitable. The commands to format a citation's
reference can be output immediately after the citation, or
the references may be accumulated, and the commands output
at some later point. If the references are accumulated,
then multiple citations of the same reference will produce a
single formatted reference.
The interpretation of lines between ....RRRR1111 and ....RRRR2222 as commands
is a new feature of GNU refer. Documents making use of this
feature can still be processed by Unix refer just by adding
the lines
....ddddeeee RRRR1111
....iiiigggg RRRR2222
........
to the beginning of the document. This will cause ttttrrrrooooffffffff to
ignore everything between ....RRRR1111 and ....RRRR2222. The effect of some
commands can also be achieved by options. These options are
supported mainly for compatibility with Unix refer. It is
usually more convenient to use commands.
Page 1 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr generates ....llllffff lines so that filenames and line numbers
in messages produced by commands that read rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrr output will
be correct; it also interprets lines beginning with ....llllffff so
that filenames and line numbers in the messages and ....llllffff
lines that it produces will be accurate even if the input
has been preprocessed by a command such as ggggssssooooeeeelllliiiimmmm(1).
OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS
Most options are equivalent to commands (for a description
of these commands see the CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss subsection):
----bbbb nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----tttteeeexxxxtttt;;;; nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee
----eeee aaaaccccccccuuuummmmuuuullllaaaatttteeee
----nnnn nnnnoooo----ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt----ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeee
----CCCC ccccoooommmmppppaaaattttiiiibbbblllleeee
----PPPP mmmmoooovvvveeee----ppppuuuunnnnccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
----SSSS llllaaaabbbbeeeellll """"((((AAAA....nnnn||||QQQQ)))) '''',,,, '''' ((((DDDD....yyyy||||DDDD))))"""";;;; bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll """" (((("""" )))) """";;;; """"
----aaaa_n rrrreeeevvvveeeerrrrsssseeee AAAA_n
----cccc_f_i_e_l_d_s
ccccaaaappppiiiittttaaaalllliiiizzzzeeee _f_i_e_l_d_s
----ffff_n llllaaaabbbbeeeellll %%%%_n
----iiii_f_i_e_l_d_s
sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeee _f_i_e_l_d_s
----kkkk llllaaaabbbbeeeellll LLLL%%%%aaaa
----kkkk_f_i_e_l_d
llllaaaabbbbeeeellll _f_i_e_l_d%%%%aaaa
----llll llllaaaabbbbeeeellll AAAA....nnnnDDDD....yyyy%%%%aaaa
----llll_m llllaaaabbbbeeeellll AAAA....nnnn++++_mDDDD....yyyy%%%%aaaa
----llll,,,,_n llllaaaabbbbeeeellll AAAA....nnnnDDDD....yyyy----_n%%%%aaaa
----llll_m,,,,_n
llllaaaabbbbeeeellll AAAA....nnnn++++_mDDDD....yyyy----_n%%%%aaaa
----pppp_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
----ssss_s_p_e_c
ssssoooorrrrtttt _s_p_e_c
Page 2 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
----tttt_n sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----ttttrrrruuuunnnnccccaaaatttteeee _n
These options are equivalent to the following commands with
the addition that the filenames specified on the command
line are processed as if they were arguments to the
bbbbiiiibbbblllliiiiooooggggrrrraaaapppphhhhyyyy command instead of in the normal way:
----BBBB aaaannnnnnnnoooottttaaaatttteeee XXXX AAAAPPPP;;;; nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee
----BBBB_f_i_e_l_d...._m_a_c_r_o
aaaannnnnnnnoooottttaaaatttteeee _f_i_e_l_d _m_a_c_r_o;;;; nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee
The following options have no equivalent commands:
----vvvv Print the version number.
----RRRR Don't recognize lines beginning with ....RRRR1111/....RRRR2222.
UUUUSSSSAAAAGGGGEEEE
BBBBiiiibbbblllliiiiooooggggrrrraaaapppphhhhiiiicccc ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeeessss
The bibliographic database is a text file consisting of
records separated by one or more blank lines. Within each
record fields start with a %%%% at the beginning of a line.
Each field has a one character name that immediately follows
the %%%%. It is best to use only upper and lower case letters
for the names of fields. The name of the field should be
followed by exactly one space, and then by the contents of
the field. Empty fields are ignored. The conventional
meaning of each field is as follows:
AAAA The name of an author. If the name contains a title
such as JJJJrrrr.... at the end, it should be separated from the
last name by a comma. There can be multiple
occurrences of the AAAA field. The order is significant.
It is a good idea always to supply an AAAA field or a QQQQ
field.
BBBB For an article that is part of a book, the title of the
book
CCCC The place (city) of publication.
DDDD The date of publication. The year should be specified
in full. If the month is specified, the name rather
than the number of the month should be used, but only
the first three letters are required. It is a good
idea always to supply a DDDD field; if the date is
unknown, a value such as iiiinnnn pppprrrreeeessssssss or uuuunnnnkkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn can be
used.
EEEE For an article that is part of a book, the name of an
editor of the book. Where the work has editors and no
Page 3 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
authors, the names of the editors should be given as AAAA
fields and ,,,, ((((eeeedddd)))) or ,,,, ((((eeeeddddssss)))) should be appended to the
last author.
GGGG US Government ordering number.
IIII The publisher (issuer).
JJJJ For an article in a journal, the name of the journal.
KKKK Keywords to be used for searching.
LLLL Label.
NNNN Journal issue number.
OOOO Other information. This is usually printed at the end
of the reference.
PPPP Page number. A range of pages can be specified as _m----_n.
QQQQ The name of the author, if the author is not a person.
This will only be used if there are no AAAA fields. There
can only be one QQQQ field.
RRRR Technical report number.
SSSS Series name.
TTTT Title. For an article in a book or journal, this
should be the title of the article.
VVVV Volume number of the journal or book.
XXXX Annotation.
For all fields except AAAA and EEEE, if there is more than one
occurernce of a particular field in a record, only the last
such field will be used.
If accent strings are used, they should follow the character
to be accented. This means that the AAAAMMMM macro must be used
with the ----mmmmssss macros. Accent strings should not be quoted:
use one \\\\ rather than two.
CCCCiiiittttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss
The format of a citation is
....[[[[_o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t
_f_l_a_g_s _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s
_f_i_e_l_d_s
....]]]]_c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t
Page 4 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
The _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t, _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t and _f_l_a_g_s components are
optional. Only one of the _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s and _f_i_e_l_d_s components
need be specified.
The _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s component says to search the bibliographic
databases for a reference that contains all the words in
_k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s. It is an error if more than one reference if
found.
The _f_i_e_l_d_s components specifies additional fields to replace
or supplement those specified in the reference. When
references are being accumulated and the _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s component
is non-empty, then additional fields should be specified
only on the first occasion that a particular reference is
cited, and will apply to all citations of that reference.
The _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t and _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t component specifies
strings to be used to bracket the label instead of the
strings specified in the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command. If either
of these components is non-empty, the strings specified in
the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command will not be used; this behaviour
can be altered using the [[[[ and ]]]] flags. Note that leading
and trailing spaces are significant for these components.
The _f_l_a_g_s component is a list of non-alphanumeric characters
each of which modifies the treatment of this particular
citation. Unix refer will treat these flags as part of the
keywords and so will ignore them since they are non-
alphanumeric. The following flags are currently recognized:
#### This says to use the label specified by the sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll
command, instead of that specified by the llllaaaabbbbeeeellll
command. If no short label has been specified, the
normal label will be used. Typically the short label
is used with author-date labels and consists of only
the date and possibly a disambiguating letter; the #### is
supposed to be suggestive of a numeric type of label.
[[[[ Precede _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t with the first string specified in
the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command.
]]]] Follow _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t with the second string specified in
the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command.
One advantages of using the [[[[ and ]]]] flags rather than
including the brackets in _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t and _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t is
that you can change the style of bracket used in the
document just by changing the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command.
Another advantage is that sorting and merging of citations
will not necessarily be inhibited if the flags are used.
If a label is to be inserted into the text, it will be
Page 5 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
attached to the line preceding the ....[[[[ line. If there is no
such line, then an extra line will be inserted before the ....[[[[
line and a warning will be given.
There is no special notation for making a citation to
multiple references. Just use a sequence of citations, one
for each reference. Don't put anything between the
citations. The labels for all the citations will be
attached to the line preceding the first citation. The
labels may also be sorted or merged. See the description of
the <<<<>>>> label expression, and of the ssssoooorrrrtttt----aaaaddddjjjjaaaacccceeeennnntttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellllssss and
aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----rrrraaaannnnggggeeeessss command. A label will not be merged
if its citation has a non-empty _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t or _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-
_t_e_x_t. However, the labels for a citation using the ]]]] flag
and without any _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t immediately followed by a
citation using the [[[[ flag and without any _o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t may
be sorted and merged even though the first citation's
_o_p_e_n_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t or the second citation's _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t is non-
empty. (If you wish to prevent this just make the first
citation's _c_l_o_s_i_n_g-_t_e_x_t \\\\&&&&.)
CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss
Commands are contained between lines starting with ....RRRR1111 and
....RRRR2222. Recognition of these lines can be prevented by the ----RRRR
option. When a ....RRRR1111 line is recognized any accumulated
references are flushed out. Neither ....RRRR1111 nor ....RRRR2222 lines, nor
anything between them is output.
Commands are separated by newlines or ;;;;s. #### introduces a
comment that extends to the end of the line (but does not
conceal the newline). Each command is broken up into words.
Words are separated by spaces or tabs. A word that begins
with """" extends to the next """" that is not followed by another
"""". If there is no such """" the word extends to the end of the
line. Pairs of """" in a word beginning with """" collapse to a
single """". Neither #### nor ;;;; are recognized inside """"s. A line
can be continued by ending it with \\\\; this works everywhere
except after a ####.
Each command _n_a_m_e that is marked with * has an associated
negative command nnnnoooo----_n_a_m_e that undoes the effect of _n_a_m_e.
For example, the nnnnoooo----ssssoooorrrrtttt command specifies that references
should not be sorted. The negative commands take no
arguments.
In the following description each argument must be a single
word; _f_i_e_l_d is used for a single upper or lower case letter
naming a field; _f_i_e_l_d_s is used for a sequence of such
letters; _m and _n are used for a non-negative numbers; _s_t_r_i_n_g
is used for an arbitrary string; _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is used for the
name of a file.
Page 6 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee* _f_i_e_l_d_s _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3 _s_t_r_i_n_g_4
Abbreviate the first names of
_f_i_e_l_d_s. An initial letter will be
separated from another initial
letter by _s_t_r_i_n_g_1, from the last
name by _s_t_r_i_n_g_2, and from anything
else (such as a vvvvoooonnnn or ddddeeee) by
_s_t_r_i_n_g_3. These default to a period
followed by a space. In a
hyphenated first name, the initial
of the first part of the name will
be separated from the hyphen by
_s_t_r_i_n_g_4; this defaults to a period.
No attempt is made to handle any
ambiguities that might result from
abbreviation. Names are
abbreviated before sorting and
before label construction.
aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----rrrraaaannnnggggeeeessss* _s_t_r_i_n_g
Three or more adjacent labels that
refer to consecutive references
will be abbreviated to a label
consisting of the first label,
followed by _s_t_r_i_n_g followed by the
last label. This is mainly useful
with numeric labels. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is
omitted it defaults to ----.
aaaaccccccccuuuummmmuuuullllaaaatttteeee* Accumulate references instead of
writing out each reference as it is
encountered. Accumulated
references will be written out
whenever a reference of the form
....[[[[
$$$$LLLLIIIISSSSTTTT$$$$
....]]]]
is encountered, after all input
files hve been processed, and
whenever ....RRRR1111 line is recognized.
aaaannnnnnnnoooottttaaaatttteeee* _f_i_e_l_d _s_t_r_i_n_g _f_i_e_l_d is an annotation; print it at
the end of the reference as a
paragraph preceded by the line
...._s_t_r_i_n_g
If _m_a_c_r_o is omitted it will default
to AAAAPPPP; if _f_i_e_l_d is also omitted it
will default to XXXX. Only one field
Page 7 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
can be an annotation.
aaaarrrrttttiiiicccclllleeeessss _s_t_r_i_n_g... _s_t_r_i_n_g... are definite or
indefinite articles, and should be
ignored at the beginning of TTTT
fields when sorting. Initially,
tttthhhheeee, aaaa and aaaannnn are recognized as
articles.
bbbbiiiibbbblllliiiiooooggggrrrraaaapppphhhhyyyy _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... Write out all the references
contained in the bibliographic
databases _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e...
bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3
In the text, bracket each label
with _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 and _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. An
occurrence of _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 immediately
followed by _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 will be turned
into _s_t_r_i_n_g_3. The default
behaviour is
bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll \\\\****(((([[[[.... \\\\****((((....]]]] """",,,, """"
ccccaaaappppiiiittttaaaalllliiiizzzzeeee _f_i_e_l_d_s Convert _f_i_e_l_d_s to caps and small
caps.
ccccoooommmmppppaaaattttiiiibbbblllleeee* Recognize ....RRRR1111 and ....RRRR2222 even when
followed by a character other than
space or newline.
ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... Search the bibliographic databases
_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... For each _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e if
an index _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e....iiii created by
ggggiiiinnnnddddxxxxbbbbiiiibbbb(1) exists, then it will be
searched instead; each index can
cover multiple databases.
ddddaaaatttteeee----aaaassss----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll* _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression that
specifies a string with which to
replace the DDDD field after
constructing the label. See the
LLLLaaaabbbbeeeellll eeeexxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnssss subsection for a
description of label expressions.
This command is useful if you do
not want explicit labels in the
reference list, but instead want to
handle any necessary disambiguation
by qualifying the date in some way.
The label used in the text would
typically be some combination of
the author and date. In most cases
you should also use the nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----
Page 8 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee command. For example,
ddddaaaatttteeee----aaaassss----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll DDDD....++++yyyyDDDD....yyyy%%%%aaaa****DDDD....----yyyy
would attach a disambiguating
letter to the year part of the DDDD
field in the reference.
ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt----ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeee* The default database should be
searched. This is the default
behaviour, so the negative version
of this command is more useful.
refer determines whether the
default database should be searched
on the first occasion that it needs
to do a search. Thus a nnnnoooo----
ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt----ddddaaaattttaaaabbbbaaaasssseeee command must be
given before then, in order to be
effective.
ddddiiiissssccccaaaarrrrdddd* _f_i_e_l_d_s When the reference is read, _f_i_e_l_d_s
should be discarded; no string
definitions for _f_i_e_l_d_s will be
output. Initially, _f_i_e_l_d_s are XXXXYYYYZZZZ.
eeeetttt----aaaallll* _s_t_r_i_n_g _m _n Control use of eeeetttt aaaallll in the
evaluation of @@@@ expressions in
label expressions. If the number
of authors needed to make the
author sequence unambiguous is _u
and the total number of authors is
_t then the last _t-_u authors will be
replaced by _s_t_r_i_n_g provided that
_t-_u is not less than _m and _t is not
less than _n. The default behaviour
is
eeeetttt----aaaallll """" eeeetttt aaaallll"""" 2222 3333
iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Include _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e and interpret the
contents as commands.
jjjjooooiiiinnnn----aaaauuuutttthhhhoooorrrrssss _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3
This says how authors should be
joined together. When there are
exactly two authors, they will be
joined with _s_t_r_i_n_g_1. When there
are more than two authors, all but
the last two will be joined with
_s_t_r_i_n_g_2, and the last two authors
will be joined with _s_t_r_i_n_g_3. If
_s_t_r_i_n_g_3 is omitted, it will default
Page 9 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
to _s_t_r_i_n_g_1; if _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 is also
omitted it will also default to
_s_t_r_i_n_g_1. For example,
jjjjooooiiiinnnn----aaaauuuutttthhhhoooorrrrssss """" aaaannnndddd """" """",,,, """" """",,,,
aaaannnndddd """"
will restore the default method for
joining authors.
llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee* When outputting the reference,
define the string [[[[FFFF to be the
reference's label. This is the
default behaviour; so the negative
version of this command is more
useful.
llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----tttteeeexxxxtttt* For each reference output a label
in the text. The label will be
separated from the surrounding text
as described in the bbbbrrrraaaacccckkkkeeeetttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll
command. This is the default
behaviour; so the negative version
of this command is more useful.
llllaaaabbbbeeeellll _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression
describing how to label each
reference.
sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeee----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----sssseeeeccccoooonnnndddd----ppppaaaarrrrttttssss _s_t_r_i_n_g
When merging two-part labels,
separate the second part of the
second label from the first label
with _s_t_r_i_n_g. See the description
of the <<<<>>>> label expression.
mmmmoooovvvveeee----ppppuuuunnnnccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn* In the text, move any punctuation
at the end of line past the label.
It is usually a good idea to give
this command unless you are using
superscripted numbers as labels.
rrrreeeevvvveeeerrrrsssseeee* _s_t_r_i_n_g Reverse the fields whose names are
in _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each field name can be
followed by a number which says how
many such fields should be
reversed. If no number is given
for a field, all such fields will
be reversed.
sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeee* _f_i_e_l_d_s While searching for keys in
databases for which no index
Page 10 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
exists, ignore the contents of
_f_i_e_l_d_s. Initially, fields XXXXYYYYZZZZ are
ignored.
sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----ttttrrrruuuunnnnccccaaaatttteeee* _n Only require the first _n characters
of keys to be given. In effect
when searching for a given key
words in the database are truncated
to the maximum of _n and the length
of the key. Initially _n is 6.
sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll* _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression that
specifies an alternative (usually
shorter) style of label. This is
used when the #### flag is given in
the citation. When using author-
date style labels, the identity of
the author or authors is sometimes
clear from the context, and so it
may be desirable to omit the author
or authors from the label. The
sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll command will typically
be used to specify a label
containing just a date and possibly
a disambiguating letter.
ssssoooorrrrtttt* _s_t_r_i_n_g Sort references according to
ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg. References will
automatically be accumulated.
_s_t_r_i_n_g should be a list of field
names, each followed by a number,
indicating how many fields with the
name should be used for sorting. ++++
can be used to indicate that all
the fields with the name should be
used. Also .... can be used to
indicate the references should be
sorted using the (tentative) label.
(The LLLLaaaabbbbeeeellll eeeexxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnssss subsection
describes the concept of a
tentative label.)
ssssoooorrrrtttt----aaaaddddjjjjaaaacccceeeennnntttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellllssss* Sort labels that are adjacent in
the text according to their
position in the reference list.
This command should usually be
given if the aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----
rrrraaaannnnggggeeeessss command has been given, or
if the label expression contains a
<<<<>>>> expression. This will have no
effect unless references are being
accumulated.
Page 11 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
LLLLaaaabbbbeeeellll eeeexxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnssss
Label expressions can be evaluated both normally and
tentatively. The result of normal evaluation is used for
output. The result of tentative evaluation, called the
_t_e_n_t_a_t_i_v_e _l_a_b_e_l, is used to gather the information that
normal evaluation needs to disambiguate the label. Label
expressions specified by the ddddaaaatttteeee----aaaassss----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll and sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll
commands are not evaluated tentatively. Normal and
tentative evaluation are the same for all types of
expression other than @@@@, ****, and %%%% expressions. The
description below applies to normal evaluation, except where
otherwise specified.
_f_i_e_l_d
_f_i_e_l_d _n
The _n-th part of _f_i_e_l_d. If _n is omitted, it defaults
to 1.
''''_s_t_r_i_n_g''''
The characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g literally.
@@@@ All the authors joined as specified by the jjjjooooiiiinnnn----aaaauuuutttthhhhoooorrrrssss
command. The whole of each author's name will be used.
However, if the references are sorted by author (that
is the sort specification starts with AAAA++++), then
authors' last names will be used instead, provided that
this does not introduce ambiguity, and also an initial
subsequence of the authors may be used instead of all
the authors, again provided that this does not
introduce ambiguity. The use of only the last name for
the _i-th author of some reference is considered to be
ambiguous if there is some other reference, such that
the first _i-1 authors of the references are the same,
the _i-th authors are not the same, but the _i-th
authors' last names are the same. A proper initial
subsequence of the sequence of authors for some
reference is considered to be ambiguous if there is a
reference with some other sequence of authors which
also has that subsequence as a proper initial
subsequence. When an initial subsequence of authors is
used, the remaining authors are replaced by the string
specified by the eeeetttt----aaaallll command; this command may also
specify additional requirements that must be met before
an initial subsequence can be used. @@@@ tentatively
evaluates to a canonical representation of the authors,
such that authors that compare equally for sorting
purpose will have the same representation.
%%%%_n
%%%%aaaa
%%%%AAAA
%%%%iiii
Page 12 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
%%%%IIII The serial number of the reference formatted according
to the character following the %%%%. The serial number of
a reference is 1 plus the number of earlier references
with same tentative label as this reference. These
expressions tentatively evaluate to an empty string.
_e_x_p_r****
If there is another reference with the same tentative
label as this reference, then _e_x_p_r, otherwise an empty
string. It tentatively evaluates to an empty string.
_e_x_p_r++++_n
_e_x_p_r----_n
The first (++++) or last (----) _n upper or lower case letters
or digits of _e_x_p_r. Troff special characters (such as
\\\\((((''''aaaa) count as a single letter. Accent strings are
retained but do not count towards the total.
_e_x_p_r....llll
_e_x_p_r converted to lowercase.
_e_x_p_r....uuuu
_e_x_p_r converted to uppercase.
_e_x_p_r....cccc
_e_x_p_r converted to caps and small caps.
_e_x_p_r....rrrr
_e_x_p_r reversed so that the last name is first.
_e_x_p_r....aaaa
_e_x_p_r with first names abbreviated. Note that fields
specified in the aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee command are abbreviated
before any labels are evaluated. Thus ....aaaa is useful
only when you want a field to be abbreviated in a label
but not in a reference.
_e_x_p_r....yyyy
The year part of _e_x_p_r.
_e_x_p_r....++++yyyy
The part of _e_x_p_r before the year, or the whole of _e_x_p_r
if it does not contain a year.
_e_x_p_r....----yyyy
The part of _e_x_p_r after the year, or an empty string if
_e_x_p_r does not contain a year.
_e_x_p_r....nnnn
The last name part of _e_x_p_r.
_e_x_p_r_1
Page 13 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
_e_x_p_r_1 except that if the last character of _e_x_p_r_1 is ----
then it will be replaced by _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2
The concatenation of _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1||||_e_x_p_r_2
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_1 otherwise _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1&&&&_e_x_p_r_2
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_2 otherwise an empty
string.
_e_x_p_r_1????_e_x_p_r_2::::_e_x_p_r_3
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_2 otherwise _e_x_p_r_3.
<<<<_e_x_p_r>>>>
The label is in two parts, which are separated by _e_x_p_r.
Two adjacent two-part labels which have the same first
part will be merged by appending the second part of the
second label onto the first label separated by the
string specified in the sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeee----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----sssseeeeccccoooonnnndddd----ppppaaaarrrrttttssss
command (initially, a comma followed by a space); the
resulting label will also be a two-part label with the
same first part as before merging, and so additional
labels can be merged into it. Note that it is
permissible for the first part to be empty; this maybe
desirable for expressions used in the sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll
command.
((((_e_x_p_r))))
The same as _e_x_p_r. Used for grouping.
The above expressions are listed in order of precedence
(highest first); &&&& and |||| have the same precedence.
MMMMaaaaccccrrrroooo iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrffffaaaacccceeee
Each reference starts with a call to the macro ]]]]----. The
string [[[[FFFF will be defined to be the label for this
reference, unless the nnnnoooo----llllaaaabbbbeeeellll----iiiinnnn----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee command has been
given. There then follows a series of string definitions,
one for each field: string [[[[_X corresponds to field _X. The
number register [[[[PPPP is set to 1 if the PPPP field contains a
range of pages. The [[[[TTTT, [[[[AAAA and [[[[OOOO number registers are set
to 1 according as the TTTT, AAAA and OOOO fields end with one of the
characters ....????!!!!. The [[[[EEEE number register will be set to 1 if
the [[[[EEEE string contains more than one name. The reference is
followed by a call to the ]]]][[[[ macro. The first argument to
this macro gives a number representing the type of the
reference. If a reference contains a JJJJ field, it will be
classified as type 1, otherwise if it contains a BBBB field, it
will type 3, otherwise if it contains a GGGG or RRRR field it will
Page 14 (printed 3/9/94)
GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111)))) GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444)))) GGGGRRRREEEEFFFFEEEERRRR((((1111))))
be type 4, otherwise if contains a IIII field it will be type
2, otherwise it will be type 0. The second argument is a
symbolic name for the type: ooootttthhhheeeerrrr, jjjjoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll----aaaarrrrttttiiiicccclllleeee, bbbbooooooookkkk,
aaaarrrrttttiiiicccclllleeee----iiiinnnn----bbbbooooooookkkk or tttteeeecccchhhh----rrrreeeeppppoooorrrrtttt. Groups of references that
have been accumulated or are produced by the bbbbiiiibbbblllliiiiooooggggrrrraaaapppphhhhyyyy
command are preceded by a call to the ]]]]<<<< macro and followed
by a call to the ]]]]>>>> macro.
FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
////uuuussssrrrr////ddddiiiicccctttt////ppppaaaappppeeeerrrrssss////IIIInnnndddd Default database.
_f_i_l_e....iiii Index files.
SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
ggggiiiinnnnddddxxxxbbbbiiiibbbb(1), ggggllllooooooookkkkbbbbiiiibbbb(1), llllkkkkbbbbiiiibbbb(1)
BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS
In label expressions, <<<<>>>> expressions are ignored inside
...._c_h_a_r expressions.
Page 15 (printed 3/9/94)